Wellbore Instability and Borehole Breakout

Wellbore Instability and Borehole Breakout Introduction: Despite the development of oil and gas industry technology, Wellbore instability remains one of non productive time that cost industry billions every year. wellbore instability has been one of the well planning stage and been studied widely (Bradley,1979; Bell, 2003; Zhang et al., 2003; Gentzis et al., 2009; Zhang et al., 2009; Ding, 2011). Drilling through a formation led to stress changing a round the borehole due to rock removal. In this analysis, mud weight pressure is the controllable parameter during the drilling. The mud weight pressure effects can cause two failure mechanisms which are shear failure (breakout) and tensile failure (fracturing), these problems consider as the main wellbore failure. Borehole breakout happens when the mud weight is lower than expected. in other word, the breakout failure occurs when the stress imposed by drilling mud lower than compressive strength. On the other hand, higher mud weight can lead to tensile failure due to invade of mud into the fo rmation. The consequences behind these problems are stuck pipe, reaming operation, lost circulation, and sidetracking. To eliminate these problems many parameters should be considered such us rock strength, pore pressure, in-situ stress, and stress orientation. Furthermore, breakout and fracturing can be diminishing or eliminate by choosing the suitable mud weight for drilling. By using a constitutive model to predict the stresses around the wellbore connected with a failure criteria, Strength of reservoir rocks can be calculated. Hence, selection of the suitable failure criteria will consider as the main part of wellbore stability analysis. Borehole breakout is an enlargement and elongation of wellbore in a particular direction and it considers as the important indicators to predict the orientation of min. horizontal stress. This enlargement can be predicted by using 4-6 arm caliper tool, Optical imaging log, resistive image log, and acoustic image log (Jaeger et al.,2009; Bell and Gough, 1979; Zoback et al.,1985).   Figure (1) shows wellbore enlargement pattern via 4 arm caliper. The 4 arms caliper has 4 pads in two calipers (pad 1 and 3) represent Caliper 1 (C1) and (pad 2 and 4) represent caliper 2 (C2). The diameter of the hole can be identified from those two calipers. Fig 1a represents an in-gauge hole cause C1 and C2 have same reading of bit size. In contrast 1C shows a severe washout in hole size and caliper reading show this enlargement. Stand on well logs data and empirical equations, the rock strength and mechanical properties can be obtained (Rahimi, 2014). (Westergarrd. 1940) in-situ stress can be obtained by elastic characteristic equations. Also, from elastoplastic characteristic equation in-situ stress can be calculated (chang et al., 2006). As well , (LOT) and mini frac. test can help us to determine in-situ stresses (Bardley 1979b). Many models have been built to determine the induced stress in a circular well and predict the suitable mud pressure by using Failure criteria. In this analysis, three failure criteria have been used to predict the proper mud weight in the Nahr Umr formation in southern Iraq. The three failure criteria are Mohr-coulomb, Mogi-coulomb, and modified lade. Fig (1) Caliper log responses due to wellbore enlargement (Tingay ) Geological properties of the field and the target reservoir. The H oil filed is a land-based field located in southeastern Iraq between the city of  Basra and the Kuwait border (Figure 2). The field is an anticline that runs roughly north-west to south-southeast approximately 60 km long and 10-15 km wide. The anticline of H field has four domes divided by saddles, from the northwest to southeast these are: Al-Hamar Shuaiba Rafidyah Safwan Fig (3) The four domes in H filed The discovered reserves are contained in five reservoirs: Mishrif, Nahr Umr, Zubair 3rd Pay, Zubair 4th Pay and Yamama. (Figure 3) represents well stratigraphic. Nahr Umr Formation is an interesting potential water source zone due to the abundance of log data through the unit, water salinity that is compatible with the Mishrif and Zubair Formation waters, and the reported extent and strength of the aquifer. It is composed mainly of Sandstone interbedded with streaks of (Shale, Siltstone Limestone). Average thickness of Nahr Umr formation is +/- 260 m and the porosity exceed 25% with an average of 20% permeability ranges from 1000 md to 9000 md. Depends on information from more than fifteen wells, shear failure has been noticed in Nahr Umr formation specially at the shale layers. This breakout has been shown on shale shaker and by caliper log. Fig (4) stratigraphic of H field

American Writers Essay

Ernest Hemingway’s writing is among the most recognizable and influential prose of the twentieth century. Many critics believe his style was influenced by his days as a cub reporter for the Kansas City Star, where he had to rely on short sentences and energetic English. Hemingway’s technique is uncomplicated, with plain grammar and easily accessible language. His hallmark is a clean style that eschews adjectives and uses short, rhythmic sentences that concentrate on action rather than reflection. Though his writing is often thought of as â€Å"simple,† this generalization could not be further from the truth. He was an obsessive reviser. His work is the result of a careful process of selecting only those elements essential to the story and pruning everything else away. He kept his prose direct and unadorned, employing a technique he termed the â€Å"iceberg principle. † In Death in the Afternoon he wrote, â€Å"If a writer of prose knows enough about what he is writing about he may omit things that he knows and the reader, if the writer is writing truly enough, will have a feeling of those things as strongly as though the writer had stated them. The dignity of movement of the iceberg is due to only one-eighth of it being above water. † Hemingway is also considered a master of dialogue. The conversations between his characters demonstrate not only communication but also its limits. The way Hemingway’s characters speak is sometimes more important than what they say, because what they choose to say (or leave unsaid) illuminates sources of inner conflict. Sometimes characters say only what they think another character will want to hear. In short, Hemingway captures the complexity of human interaction through subtlety and implication as well as direct discourse. The writers of Hemingway’s generation are often termed â€Å"Modernists. † Disillusioned by the large number of casualties in World War I, they turned away from the nineteenth-century, Victorian notions of morality and propriety and toward a more existential worldview. Many of the era’s most talented writers congregated in Paris. Ezra Pound, considered one of the most significant poets of the Modernist movement, promoted Hemingway’s early work, as did F.  Scott Fitzgerald, who wrote to his editor, Maxwell Perkins, on Hemingway’s behalf. The powerful impact of Hemingway’s writing on other authors continues to this day. Writers as diverse as Bret Easton Ellis, Chuck Palahniuk, Elmore Leonard, and Hunter S. Thompson have credited him with contributing to their styles. Direct, personal writing full of rich imagery was Hemingway’s goal. Nearly fifty years after his death, his distinctive prose is still recognizable by its economy and controlled understatement. 18 †¢ THE BIG READ National Endowment for the Arts.

Descriptive Essay About Burgers - 989 Words

Who doesn’t love burgers and fries? And who wouldn’t love to eat at the best dine-in that serves the best of it? Well, I know the best place to go. Thurman Cafe, located in Columbus, Ohio. They serve a variety of food and they all taste amazing. They serve things such as starters, sloppy fries, famous fries, wings, pizza thins, salads, famous burgers, and so much more. But the main thing is what’s the best there. Thurman Cafe is a very famous restaurant that’s known for their burgers; mostly, but also fries, sandwiches and stuff. Thurman Cafe is a restaurant that was opened by Nick Suclescy and passed through the family. And have been a landmark since 1942 in German Village. Their signature dishes are the Thurmanator and Thurman Burger.†¦show more content†¦Even though I hate cheese on my burgers, that was the first and best burger with cheese ever. My mom ordered a Thurman burger, and my sister ordered a cheeseburger deluxe. And since we aren t v ery much of a meat eater, it was still delicious even with how much meat the burger comes with. My mom loved the Thurman burger and said it was the best she had ever had. By the way, no we didn t try the famous signature dish, The Thurmanator, that would be too insane for us to do. The next thing is the best thing ever. The fries, which are my favorite food. We all ordered different types of fries, so we could try one another s. I ordered a basket of bacon and cheddar loaded fries, my mom ordered a basket of fries and gravy, and my sister ordered a basket of Macedonian fries. They were all very different, but very good. I tried to go with something I know that I would like because I m a very picky eater. On the other hand, my mom and sister went totally out of their comfort zone with trying something different. They said it was very delicious and would buy it again. So I had to try them also, and they were off the top, more amazing than what I thought. They also provide other sandwiches and stuff, in case anyone didn t prefer a burger. We went to Thurman To Go a second time and tried the other sandwiches they had. Now with that being said, that was a crazy experience. I ordered a B.L.T. that includes bacon, lettuce, tomato, and mayo on Texas toast. My momShow MoreRelatedThe Invasion, By James S. Hirsch1347 Words   |  6 Pages The explosion of racial violence that engulfed Tulsa, Oklahoma is arguably one of the worst cases in U.S. history. This essay will focus on the violence, economic destruction, social humiliation, and racial discrimination in Tulsa’s black community using the in-text essay, â€Å"The Invasion†, by James S. Hirsch. This history consists of the police actions to elevate the violence, and how white leaders attempted to maintain the status quo in Tulsa. 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Quality Management Theories Of Amazon - 1321 Words

1. Quality Management Theories To manage the quality of their product and services in order to meet the customer’s expectation and needs. Amazon implemented both Lean approach and Six Sigma approach as their major methodologies. 1.1 Lean Approach The term â€Å"lean† was used to describe the Toyota company’s production management system. It is a theory that focuses on maximizing customer’s value by reducing wasted business process. For example, it attempts to cut down the time length between ordering and shipment of a product or provide satisfied service for the ordering and shipping process. (Pojasek, 2003) By eliminating wasted processes during the production process or service process, it will not only reduce the cycle time, but also†¦show more content†¦This new design of Kindle made Kindle become easier to hold and more like a real book. 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